Capsicum

Latin Name: Capsicum frutescens

Family: Solanaceae
Common Names: Cayenne, Chili, Tabasco

Folk Lore & Field Studies:

• It has been found that this herb has the ability to stop frank bleeding.  Mixed 2 TBSP powder with 4 ounces of water & applied as a drench, it appears to aid in cardiac arrest, founder,colic & arterial bleeding.  An area vet's brood mare was having severe problems upon foaling.  Upon my arrival at the clinic, the floor was covered in frank blood.  I suggested a uterine infusion of cayenne mixed with water.  The bleeding stopped.

• I have used the same formula in case of equine heart attack.  My aged Gran Prix mare appeared to be having a mild colic just seconds prior to falling flat on her side.  She had all physical signs of a human heahrt attack victim.  I did not have time to measure so I emptied a 1 ounces bottle of cayenne extract on her tongue.  Within what seemed like hours inside of minutes, she rose as if waking from a nap.  The vet arrived to find a contented mare & a very stressed out owner.

• I have suggested the powder applied on the hand of a hemophiliac hair dresser.  She is always cutting herself with the tools of her trade.  The powder stops the bleeding.  I imagine all her clients are as relieved as I am. Having grown up with the condition, she does not appear as concerned as we are.

• I allowed someone to lease a mare.  The mare was kept in a stall from Friday to Sunday without water.  The help forgot about the new horse.  I got the frantic call the mare was "peeing blood".  I told them to drench her with 2 TBSP in 4 ounces of water.  By the time they met me at the vet's clinic, the mare was no longer "peeing blood".  She was severely "tied up".  To the vet's amazement, she survived.  It is my understanding no horse has ever known to survive when the blood values had reached over 900.

• Cayenne acts as a catalyst whereby increasing the principles of any other ingredient in an herbal formula.  Therefore, it is found in most herbal combinations.

• Cayenne is being used in various arthritis & pain-relieving topical formulas.  It has a tendency to block production of chemicals needed for pain reception.  Some of the products contain Aloe Vera or other skin soothing herbs to aid in preventing skin irritation.  Equi-Block, Block It and CSFreeze are examples of such formulas.

• During the late 1980's, the University of Houston's research found cayenne actually aided in healing stomach ulcers.  It stimulates the stomach to produce mucous to sooth an irritated lining.  These trials actually included direct stomach infusion via tubing the patient.  Science has since found ways to breed out the heat with hopes of maintaining the properties.

Common Properties:

Common Uses:

Chemical Nutritive Comparision: The calcium & the magnesium levels must be low to prevent interference with the stimulant properties.  Beta-carotene aids in the healing of epithelial cells of the mucous membranes such as found in an ulcer.

Chemicals and their Biological Activities in:(http://www.ars-grin.gov)
    

1,8-CINEOLE  Fruit DUKE1992A;  AChE-Inhibitor LGR; Allelopathic 450; Allergenic M&R; Anesthetic DUKE1992B; Anthelminthic JBH; Antiallergic JFH33(6):569; Antibronchitic DUKE1992B; Anticatarrh M29; Anticholinesterase? LGR; Antihalitosic AH12(4):17; Antilaryngitic DUKE1992B; Antipharyngitic DUKE1992B; Antirhinitic DUKE1992B; Antiseptic JBH; Antitussive DUKE1992B; Bactericide JEO7:271; CNS-Stimulant DUKE1992B; Choleretic DUKE1992B; Counterirritant M29; Dentifrice M29; Expectorant JBH; Flavor FEMA 1-200 ARC; Fungicide DUKE1992B; Hepatotonic DUKE1992B; Herbicide IC50=78 uM TOX; Hypotensive DUKE1992B; Insectifuge 382; Nematicide NIG; Perfume ARC; Rubefacient M29; Sedative JE25:165
ACETIC-ACID  Resin, Exudate, Sap DUKE1992A;  Acidulant JBH; Antiotitic MAR; Antivaginitic 1-2% DUKE1992B; Bactericide 5,000 ppm DUKE1992B; Expectorant MAR; Fungicide M29; Keratitigenic M&R; Mucolytic M29; Osteolytic DUKE1992B; Perfumery FEMA 6,000-40,000 ppm ARC; Protisticide M29; Spermicide MAR; Ulcerogenic HG20:9; Verrucolytic DUKE1992B
ALANINE  Fruit 820 - 6,691 ppm DUKE1992A;  Antioxidant PC27:969; Cancer-Preventive 525; Oxidant PC27:969
ALPHA-CAROTENE  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Colorant JBH; Previtamin-A DUKE1992B
ALPHA-LINOLENIC-ACID  Fruit 50 - 408 ppm DUKE1992A;  Antimenorrhagic PAM; Antiprostatitic PAM; Cancer-Preventive 525
ALPHA-PHELLANDRENE  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Dermal JBH; Flavor FEMA 10-130 ARC; Insectiphile PEP; Irritant JBH; Perfumery JBH
ALPHA-TERPINEOL  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Anticariogenic MIC=800-1,600 ug/ml JAF41:110G; Antiseptic JBH; Bactericide MIC=800-1,600 ug/ml JAF41:110G; Flavor FEMA 5-40 ARC; Motor-Depressant BVC:162; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183; Perfumery JBH; Sedative BVC:162; Termiticide MUO24:1
ALUMINUM  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Antisilicotic MPT; Antivaginitic MAR; Candidicide MAR; Encephalopathic M29
ANTHERAXANTHIN  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Colorant JBH
APIIN  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor JBH; Antiarrhythmic PT4(3):118; Antibradykinic EMP5:366; Spasmolytic IWU
ARGININE  Fruit 960 - 7,834 ppm DUKE1992A;  Antidiabetic? WIC; Antiencephalopathic M29; Antihepatitic M29; Antiinfertility 4g/day WER; Antioxidant? PC27:969; Diuretic CRC; Hypoammonemic JBH; Spermigenic 4g/day WER
ASCORBIC-ACID  Fruit 350 - 19,992 ppm DUKE1992A;  Acidulant FEMA 6,000 ARC; Analgesic 5-10 g day WER; AntiCrohn's 50-100 mg/day/orl/man M29; Antiarthritic 1 g day WER; Antiasthmatic 1,000 mg/day WER; Antiatherosclerotic PAM; Anticataract 350 mg/day WER; Anticold 1-2 g/man/day MAR; Antidecubitic 500 mg/man/2x/day/ MAR; Antidepressant 2,000 mg/day WER; Antidote (Aluminum) EMP6:189; Antidote (Cadmium) DAS; Antidote (Lead) DAS; Antidote (Paraquat) MAR; Antieczemic 3.5-5 g/day WER; Antiedemic 1 g/man/day DAS; Antiencephalitic DAS; Antigingivitic PAM; Antiglaucomic 2 g/day WER; Antihemorrhagic 1 g/man/day DAS; Antihepatitic 2-6 g/man/day DAS; Antihepatoxic EMP6:189; Antiherpetic 1-5 g/day WER; Antihistamninic WER; Antiinfertility 1 g/day WER; Antiinflammatory PAM; Antilepric 1.5 g/man/day MAR; Antimeasles DAS; Antimigraine M29; Antimutagenic EMP6:235; Antinitrosic 1 g/man/day MAR; Antiobesity 1g 3 x day WER; Antiorchitic DAS; Antiosteoarthritic 1 g 2x day WER; Antiosteoporotic 500 mg day WER PAM; Antioxidant 100 ppm DUKE1992B; Antiparkinsonian 1g 2 x day WER; Antiparotitic DAS; Antiperiodontitic 1g 2 x day WER; Antipneumonic PAM; Antipodriac DAS; Antipoliomyelitic DAS; Antiscorbutic 10 mg/man/day MAR; Antiseptic MIC=3.3-217 mg/ml MAR; Antishingles DAS; Antiulcer WER; Antiviral 1-5 g/day WER; Asthma-preventive 1,000mg/day/orl PAM; Bactericide DAS; Cancer-Preventive 525; Cold-preventive 1-2 g/day DAS; Detoxicant DUKE1992B; Diuretic 700 mg/man/orl DUKE1992B; Febrifuge EMP6:189; Fistula-Preventive PAM; Hypocholesterolemic 300-1,000 mg/day DAS; Hypotensive 1,000 mg/man/day SNE137:292; Inteferonogenic PAM; Lithogenic DAS; Mucolytic 1 g/woman/day MAR; Uricosuric 4 g/man/day DAS; Urinary-Acidulant M29; Viricide DAS; Vulnerary PAM
ASPARAGINE  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Antisickling PM56(1):41; Diuretic HG17
ASPARTIC-ACID  Fruit 2,860 - 23,338 ppm DUKE1992A;  Antimorphinic MAR; Neuroexcitant MAR; Roborant M11
BEHENIC-ACID  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Cosmetic JBH
BENZALDEHYDE  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Allergenic M&R; Anesthetic DUKE1992B; Antipeptic DUKE1992B; Antiseptic DUKE1992B; Antispasmodic DUKE1992B; Antitumor DUKE1992B; Flavor FEMA 150-800 ARC; Insectifuge 50 ppm JSPR22:141; Motor-Depressant BVC:162; Narcotic M11; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183; Sedative BVC:162
BETA-CAROTENE  Fruit 1 - 38 ppm DUKE1992A;  Allergenic M&R; Androgenic? PAM; AntiPMS JAF34:409; Antiacne PAM; Antiaging DUKE1992B; Antiasthmatic PAM; Anticarcinomic PAM; Anticoronary 50mg/man/2 days CMR3/4/91; Antihyperkeratotic DAS PAM; Antiichythyotic PAM; Antileukoplakic PAM; Antilupus 150 mg/man/day/2 mos MAR; Antimastitic PAM; Antimutagenic EMP6:235; Antioxidant PAM; Antiozenic DUKE1992B; Antiphotophobic 30-300 mg man/day M29; Antipityriasic PAM; Antiporphyric 30-300 mg/man/day MAR; Antipsoriac PAM; Antiradicular PAM; Antistress DAS; Antitumor HSC25:1495; Antiulcer 12 mg/3x/day/man/orl PAM; Antixerophthalmic DAS; Cancer-Preventive 22 ppm 505; Colorant JBH; Immunostimulant 180 mg/man/day/orl PAM; Mucogenic PAM; Phagocytotic PAM; Thymoprotective PAM; Ubiquiot JBH
BETA-IONONE  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Anticariogenic MIC=100 ug/ml JAF41:1103; Antitumor JAF43:2144; Bactericide MIC=200 ug/ml JAF41:1103; Cancer-Preventive 525; Fungicide NIG JAF43:2144; Hypocholesterolemic JAF43:2144; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183
BETA-PINENE  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Allergenic M&R; Flavor FEMA 15-600 ARC; Herbicide TOX; Insectifuge 382; Perfumery ARC
BETAINE  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Abortifacient DUKE1992B; Antigastritic M29; Antihomocystinuric M29; Antimyoatrophic DUKE1992B; Bruchiphobe 382; Emmenagogue DUKE1992B; Hepatoprotective M11; Lipotropic DUKE1992B
BORON  Fruit 4 - 17 ppm DUKE1992A;  Androgenic 3 mg/man/day DUKE1992B; Antiosteoarthritic WER; Antiosteoporotic 3 mg/man/day DUKE1992B; Estrogenic 3 mg/man/day DUKE1992B
BUTYRIC-ACID  Resin, Exudate, Sap DUKE1992A;  Anticancer WER; Bruchifuge 382; Nematistat 880 ug/ml NIG
CAFFEIC-ACID  Fruit 32 ppm DUKE1992A;  Allergenic M&R; Analgesic PMP23:46; AntiHIV EMP5:207 EMP6:189; Antiadenovirus EMP5:207; Antiaggregant JBH; Anticarcinogenic EMP6:189; Antiedemic EMP6:189; Antiflu EMP5:207; Antigonadotropic JNM1:10; Antihemolytic 25 uM PC36:579; Antihepatotoxic PM56(2):171; Antiherpetic 50 ug/ml V&D EMP5:206; Antihypercholesterolemic EMP6:189; Antiinflammatory JBH; Antimutagenic PCF:18; Antinitrosaminic PCF:18; Antioxidant 50 um PC27:969; Antioxidant IC57=30 ppm PCF:17; Antiperoxidant IC50=44 uM PM57:A54; Antiradicular 10 uM PC36:579; Antiseptic JE26:65; Antispasmodic EC50=3.4-15 uM PR4:73; Antistomatitic EMP5:207; Antithiamin PCF:54; Antithyroid JNM1:10; Antitumor PCF:19; Antitumor-Promoter IC42=10 uM CR48:5941; Antiulcerogenic JBH EMP6:189; Antivaccinia EMP5:207; Antiviral AVR14:323; Bactericide PAM; CNS-Active WIC; Cancer-Preventive 525; Carcinogenic 2% (diet) PCF:35; Cholagogue WIC; Choleretic 411; Clastogenic JBH; Co-carcinogenic PCF:35; DNA-Active JBH; Diuretic WIC; Fungicide MIC=0.4 mg/ml PC54:211 JE26:76; Hepatoprotective ACM:210; Hepatotropic DUKE1992B; Histamine-Inhibitor DUKE1992B; Insectifuge EB48:111; Leukotriene-Inhibitor DUKE1992B; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC27=5 mM JAF38:688; Metal-Chelator PCF:25; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor PCF:19; Prostaglandigenic RWG; Sedative 500 mg RWG; Spasmolytic EC50=3.4-15 uM PR4:73; Sunscreen IC50=2.5 mg/1 FT64:134; Sunscreen IC91=5 mg/l FT64:134; Sunscreen IC98=25 mg/l FT64:134; Tumorigenic 505; Viricide IC50=62.5 ug/ml EMP5:253; Vulnerary JE26:65
CALCIUM  Fruit 175 - 1,560 ppm DUKE1992A;  AntiPMS 1 g day WER; Antiallergic 500 mg/day DAS WER; Antianxiety DAS; Antiatherosclerotic 500 mg/day WER; Antidepressant DAS; Antidote (Aluminum) DAS; Antidote (lead) DAS; Antihyperkinetic DAS; Antiinsomniac DAS; Antiosteoporotic 500 mg day WER; Antiperiodontitic 750 mg day WER; Antitic DAS; Hypocholesterolemic 500 mg day WER; Hypotensive 1 g/day WER
CAMPHOR  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Allelopathic 450; Analgesic MAR; Anesthetic JE26:65; Antiacne NIG; Antiemetic 100-200 mg man orl KCH; Antifeedant IC50=5,000 ppm diet 438; Antifibrositic MAR; Antineuralgic MAR; Antipruritic M11; Antiseptic M11; CNS-Stimulant JE26:65; Cancer-Preventive 525; Carminative JPP46:16; Convulsant RJH; Cosmetic JBH; Counterirritant MAR; Decongestant NIG; Deliriant M11; Ecbolic DUKE1992B; Emetic DUKE1992B; Expectorant M29; Fungicide ED50=2.7 mM TOX; Herbicide IC50=3.3-180 mM 438; Insectifuge M11; Irritant JBH; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183; Oculoirritant M&R; Respirainhibitor M11; Respirastimulant KCH; Rubefacient MAR; Spasmolytic ED50=0.075 mg/ml FT59:465; Stimulant RJH; Verrucolytic NIG
CAPROIC-ACID  Resin, Exudate, Sap DUKE1992A;  Irritant M&R
CAPSAICIN  Fruit 100 - 17,900 ppm DUKE1992A;  5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor AAA31:329; Analgesic 411; Anaphylactic PMP24:118; Anesthetic M29; Antiaggregant AAA31:338; Anticolonospasmic 0.003 ivn gpg BBE; Antiinflammatory AAA31:329; Antimastalgic WER; Antineuralgic M11; Antineuritic WER; Antinitrosaminic ABS; Antinociceptive TiPS11:333.1990; Antioxidant PCF:75; Antipsoriatic WER; Antiseptic IWU; Antiulcer TiPS11:333.1990; Cancer-Preventive 525; Carcinogenic DUKE1992B; Cardiotonic FT61:266; Catabolic ABS; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor AAA31:329; Diaphoretic DUKE1992B; Digestive IWU; Endocrinactive 50 mg/kg scu rat BBE; Flavor 0.009-10 ARC; Hypothermic 7 mg/kg JE32:74; Irritant M11; Neurotoxic FT61:266.1990; Repellent DUKE1992B; Respirasensitizer DUKE1992B; Rubefacient IWU; Sialogogue DUKE1992B; Spasmolytic IWU; Vasodilator IWU
CAPSANTHIN  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Colorant JBH
CAPSIDIOL  Plant DUKE1992A;  Fungicide JE26:65; Phytoalexin PC29(2):479
CAPSORUBIN  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Colorant JBH
CARVONE  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Allergenic M&R; Antiseptic 1.5 x phenol W&W; CNS-Stimulant DUKE1992B; Cancer-Preventive 525; Carminative JPP46:16; Flavor FEMA 80-3,000 ARC; Insecticide 382; Insectifuge 382; Motor-Depressant BVC:162; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183; Perfumery JBH; Sedative BVC:162; Vermicide DUKE1992B
CARYOPHYLLENE  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Antiasthmatic LAF; Anticariogenic MIC=>1,600 ug/ml JAF41:1103; Antiedemic CPB38:2283; Antifeedant 500 ppm TOX; Antiinflammatory IC50=100 uM CPB38:2283; Antitumor JNP55:999; Bactericide JAF40:2328; Flavor FEMA 20-200 ARC; Insectifuge 382; Perfumery M11; Spasmolytic DUKE1992B; Termitifuge 382
CHLOROGENIC-ACID  Stem DUKE1992A;  Allergenic LEL 500; Analgesic PMP23:46; AntiEBV EMP6:189; AntiHIV EMP6:189; Antifeedant 382; Antigonadotropic JNM1:10; Antihemolytic 10 uM PC36:579; Antihepatotoxic PM56(2):171; Antiherpetic EMP5:194; Antihypercholesterolemic EMP6:189; Antiinflammatory PCF:19; Antimutagenic PCF:19; Antinitrosaminic PCF:18; Antioxidant IC53=200 ppm PCF:21; Antioxidant IC80=12 uM PC27:969; Antiperoxidant IC50=36 uM PM57:A54; Antipolio V&E; Antiradicular 10 uM PC36:579; Antiseptic PMP23:46; Antithyroid JNM1:10; Antitumor JBH; Antitumor-Promoter IC25=10 uM CR48:5941; Antiulcer EMP6:189; Antiviral V&D; Bactericide JE26:65; CNS-Active WIC; CNS-Stimulant 1/6 caffeine LAF; Cancer-Preventive 525; Cholagogue WIC; Choleretic KCH; Clastogenic JAF38:805; Diuretic WIC; Fungicide NIG; Hepatoprotective KCH; Histamine-Inhibitor DUKE1992B; Immunostimulant EMP1:124; Insectifuge EB48:111; Interferon-Inducer EMP1:124; Juvabional 382; Larvistat JBH; Leukotriene-Inhibitor DUKE1992B; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC23=5 mM JAF38:688; Metal-Chelator PCF:25; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor PCF:19; Oviposition-Stimulant JBH; Sweetener LAF
CHROMIUM  Fruit 3 - 3.5 ppm DUKE1992A;  Amphiglycemic? DAS; Antiatherosclerotic 20 ug/day WER DAS; Anticorneotic DAS; Antidiabetic DAS; Antidote (Lead) DAS; Antiglycosuric DAS; Antitriglyceride 20 ug/day WER; Hypocholestrolemic 20 ug/day WER; Insulinogenic DUKE1992B
CITRIC-ACID  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Allergenic M&R; Antiaphthic 20,000 ppm MAR; Anticalculic JE26:65; Anticoagulant M11; Antimutagenic EMP6:235; Antioxidant Synergist M11; Antiseborrheic LRN-JUN89; Antitumor DUKE1992B; Disinfectant M29; Flavor FEMA 370-4,400 ARC; Hemostat JE26:65; Laxative? LRN-SEP91; Litholytic M29; Refrigerant MAR
COBALT  Fruit 0.5 - 0.8 ppm DUKE1992A;  Cardiomyopathogenic DAS; Erythrocytogenic DAS
COPPER  Fruit 2 - 14 ppm DUKE1992A;  Antiarthritic DAS; Antidiabetic 2-4 mg/day WER; Antiinflammatory WER; Antinociceptive WER; Contraceptive MAR; Hypocholesterolemic DAS; Schizophrenigenic DAS
CRYPTOXANTHIN  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Antimutagenic EMP6:235
CYSTINE  Fruit 380 - 3,101 ppm DUKE1992A;  Adjuvant M11; Antihomocystinuric M29
DELTA-3-CARENE  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Allergenic? M&R; Antiinflammatory ip IJO15(4):194; Bactericide RIE12:5; Dermatitigenic M&R; Flavor FEMA ARC; Insectifuge 382
DIHYDROCAPSAICIN  Fruit 75 - 1,628 ppm DUKE1992A;  Hypocholesterolemic PMP23:63
FIBER  Fruit 18,000 - 146,880 ppm DUKE1992A;  Antidiabetic DUKE1992B; Antiobesity DUKE1992B; Antitumor PAM; Antiulcer PAM; Cancer-Preventive 525; Cardioprotective DUKE1992B; Hypocholesterolemic DUKE1992B; Hypotensive 10g/man/day/orl PAM; Laxative DUKE1992B
FOLACIN  Fruit 0 - 2 ppm DUKE1992A;  Anti-Spina-Bifida DAS; Antianemic 5-20 mg/man/day DUKE1992B; Anticervicaldysplasic 8-30 mg/wmn/day/orl PAM; Anticheilitic DAS; Antidepressant DAS; Antigingivitic 2-5 mg/day/man PAM; Antiglossitic DAS; Antimyelotoxic 5 mg/day/orl/man M29; Antineuropathic DAS; Antiperiodontal PAM; Antiplaque PAM; Antipsychotic M29; Hematopoietic M11; Uricosuric PAM; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor PAM
GALACTOSE  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Sweetener 0.32 x sucrose MAR
GLUCOSE  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Acetylcholinergic DUKE1992B; Antiedemic JBH; Antihepatotoxic M11; Antiketotic M11; Antivaricose JBH; Hyperglycemic M11; Memory-Enhancer SN138:189.1990
GLUTAMIC-ACID  Fruit 2,640 - 21,542 ppm DUKE1992A;  Antialkali? 500-1,000 mg/day/orl/man M29; Antiepileptic DUKE1992B; Antihyperammonemic M29; Antilithic PAM; Antiprostatitic 125-250 mg 3 x day WER; Antiretardation JBH; Anxiolytic M11; Neurotoxic JBH
GLYCINE  Fruit 740 - 6,038 ppm DUKE1992A;  Antiacid M29; Antialdosteronic PAM; Antidote (Hypoglycin-A) M29; Antiencephalopathic M29; Antigastritic M29; Antiprostatitic 125-250 mg 3 x day WER; Antipruritic M11; Antisickling PM56(1):41; Antiulcer M29; Cancer-Preventive 525; Neuroinhibitor WER; Uricosuric DUKE1992B
HESPERIDIN  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Anti-DNA DUKE1992B; Anti-RNA DUKE1992B; Antiallergenic YAK111:193; Antibradykinic EMP5:366; Antiflu EMP5:197; Antiinflammatory IC47=50 mg/kg scu JPP46:118; Antiinflammatory IC63=100 mg/kg scu JPP46:118; Antioxidant IC50=8 ppm PC37:1463; Antistomatitic DUKE1992B; Antivaccinia EMP5:197; Antiviral V&D; Capillariprotective M29; Catabolic AFR27:149; Choleretic DUKE1992B; Vasopressor DUKE1992B
HEXANOIC-ACID  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Acidulant JBH; Flavor FEMA 2-450 ARC
HISTIDINE  Fruit 410 - 3,346 ppm DUKE1992A;  Antiarteriosclerotic JE26:65; Antinephritic JBH; Antioxidant PC27:969; Antiulcer JE26:65; Antiuremic JBH; Essential JBH; Oxidant PC27:969
IRON  Fruit 7 - 135 ppm DUKE1992A;  Antiakathisic M29; Antianemic M29; Anticheilitic DAS; Antimenorrhagic 100 mg/day/wmn/orl PAM
ISOBUTYRIC-ACID  Resin, Exudate, Sap DUKE1992A;  Irritant M11
ISOLEUCINE  Fruit 650 - 5,304 ppm DUKE1992A;  Antiencephalopathic? M29; Antipellagric MAR; Essential JBH
ISOVALERIC-ACID  Resin, Exudate, Sap DUKE1992A;  Flavor FEMA 1-16 ARC; Perfumery M11; Sedative? M11; Tranquilizer KCH
LEUCINE  Fruit 1,050 - 8,568 ppm DUKE1992A;  Antiencephalopathic M29; Essential JBH
LIMONENE  Fruit DUKE1992A;  AChE-Inhibitor 453; Allergenic (1/20th carene M&R; Antialzheimeran? 453; Anticancer DUKE1992B; Antiflu EMP5:195; Antilithic M29(P.1064); Antimutagenic EMP6:235; Antitumor JAF43:2144; Antiviral EMP5:195; Bactericide RIE12:5; Cancer-Preventive 525; Candidistat JAF40:2328; Enterocontractant JAR4:22; Expectorant JBH; Fungiphilic JAF43:2283; Fungistat JAF40:2328; Herbicide IC50=50mM TOX; Insecticide 453; Insectifuge 382; Irritant M11; Nematicide IC=100 ug/ml NIG; Sedative ED=1-32 mg/kg W&W; Spasmolytic ED50=0.197 mg/ml FT59:465; Viricide DUKE1992B
LINOLEIC-ACID  Fruit 1,040 - 8,486 ppm DUKE1992A;  AntiMS EMP6:189; Antianaphylactic EMP6:189; Antiarteriosclerotic JE26:65; Antiarthritic EMP6:189; Anticoronary JBH; Antieczemic EMP6:189; Antifibrinolytic EMP1:53; Antigranular DUKE1992B; Antihistaminic EMP6:189; Antiinflammatory EMP6:189; Antimenorrhagic PAM; Antiprostatitic PAM; Cancer-Preventive 525; Carcinogenic SN146:421; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B; Immunomodulatory EMP6:189; Insectifuge 382; Metastatic SN146:421; Nematicide NIG
LITHIUM  Fruit DUKE1992A;  AntiPMS DAS; Antidepressant DAS; Antihyperthyroid DAS; Antimanic DAS; Antipsychotic DAS; Antischizophrenic DAS; Deliriant DAS; Nephrotoxic DAS
LYSINE  Fruit 890 - 7,262 ppm DUKE1992A;  Antialkalotic M29; Antiherpetic 0.5-3 g/day PAM WER; Essential JBH; Hypoarginanemic 250 mg/kg/ M29
MAGNESIUM  Fruit 230 - 2,203 ppm DUKE1992A;  AntiPMS 400-800 mg/day/wmn/orl PAM WER; Antiaggregant 400 mg/day PAM WER; Antianginal 400 mg/day WER; Antianorectic DAS; Antianxiety 400 mg/day WER; Antiarrhythmic 400 mg/day DAS WER; Antiarthritic DAS; Antiasthmatic PAM; Antiatherosclerotic 400 mg/day PAM WER; Anticonvulsant FAC; Antidepressant DAS; Antidiabetic 400 mg/day EMP6:162 WER; Antidysmenorrheic 100 mg 4 x day WER; Antiepileptic 450 mg/day WER DAS; Antihyperkinetic DAS; Antihypoglycemic DAS; Antiinflammatory 100 mg 4 x day WER; Antiinsomniac DAS; Antilithic PAM; Antimastalgic PAM; Antimigraine 200 mg/day WER; Antineurotic DAS; Antiosteoporotic 500-1,000 mg/day/wmn/orl PAM WER; Antispasmophilic 500 mg/day WER; CNS-depressant FAC; Ca-Antagonist RWG; Hypocholesterolemic 400 mg/day WER; Hypotensive 260-500 mg/day SN138:189 WER; Myorelaxant 100 mg 4 x day WER; Uterorelaxant 100 mg 4 x day WER; Vasodilator WER
MANGANESE  Fruit 2 - 20 ppm DUKE1992A;  Antialcoholic FHN; Antianemic MAR; Antidiabetic 3-5 mg/day WER; Antidiabetic EMP6:162; Antidiscotic DAS; Antidyskinetic MAR; Antiepileptic 450 mg/day WER; Antiototic DAS
METHIONINE  Fruit 240 - 1,958 ppm DUKE1992A;  Anticataract PAM; Antidote (Acetaminophen) 10g/ 6hr/man/orl M29; Antidote (Paracetamol) 10g/ 16 hr/man/orl M29; Antieczemic JE26:65; Antihepatotic JBH; Antioxidant PC27:969; Antiparkinsonian 1-5 g day WER; Cancer-Preventive 525; Emetic M29; Essential JBH; Glutathionigenic M29; Hepatoprotective ACM:207; Lipotropic M11; Urine-Acidifier 200 mg/3x day/man/orl MAR; Urine-Deodorant M29
MYRCENE  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Allergenic M&R; Analgesic EMM18:28; Antimutagenic EMM18:28; Antinociceptive 10-20 mg/kg ipr mus JPP42:877; Antinociceptive 20-40 mg/kg scu mus JPP42:877; Antioxidant JA6(4):33; Bactericide DUKE1992B; Flavor FEMA 0.5-9 ARC; Fungicide TOX; Insectifuge DUKE1992B; Perfumery JBH; Spasmolytic PM&T20:213.1986
MYRISTIC-ACID  Fruit 10 - 82 ppm DUKE1992A; Seed DUKE1992A;  Cancer-Preventive 525; Cosmetic JBH; Lubricant JBH; Nematicide NIG
NIACIN  Fruit 9 - 158 ppm DUKE1992A;  Allergenic WER; Anti-Meniere's JAD; Antiacrodynic DUKE1992B; Antiallergic 50 mg/2x/day WER; Antiamblyopic DUKE1992B; Antianginal DUKE1992B; Antichilblain JBH; Anticonvulsant 3 g/day WER; Antidermatitic DAS; Antidysphagic DUKE1992B; Antiepileptic 3 g/day WER; Antihistaminic 50 mg/2x/day WER; Antihyperactivity 1.5-6 g/day WER; Antiinsomnic 1 g/day WER; Antineuralgic DUKE1992B; Antiparkinsonian 100 mg day WER; Antipellagric DAS; Antiscotomic DUKE1992B; Antispasmodic 100 mg/2x day WER; Antivertigo DUKE1992B; Cancer-Preventive 525; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B; Hypoglycemic DUKE1992B; Hypolipidemic RWG; Sedative PAM; Serotonergic PAM; Vasodilator M29
NICKEL  Fruit 1 - 1.5 ppm DUKE1992A;  Antiadrenalinic DAS; Anticirrhotic? DAS; Insulin-Sparing DAS
NONANOIC-ACID  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Flavor FEMA 1-15 ARC; Perfumery ARC
OCTANOIC-ACID  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Candidicide JBH; Flavor FEMA 3-20 ARC; Fungicide JBH; Perfumery JBH
OLEIC-ACID  Fruit 110 - 898 ppm DUKE1992A; Seed DUKE1992A;  Allergenic M&R; Anemiagenic DUKE1992B; Cancer-Preventive 525; Choleretic 5 ml/man DUKE1992B; Dermatitigenic M&R; Flavor FEMA 1-30 ARC; Insectifuge 382; Irritant M11; Percutaneostimulant CPB38:3086; Perfumery ARC
OXALIC-ACID  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Antiseptic DUKE1992B; CNS-paralytic JBH; Fatal M29; Hemostatic M11; Irritant M&R; Renotoxic M11
P-COUMARIC-ACID  Fruit 540 ppm DUKE1992A;  Allelopathic JBH; Antifertility AEH; Antihepatotoxic JBH; Antioxidant IC24=30 ppm PCF:17; Antiperoxidant IC50=>100 uM PM57:A54; Antitumor JBH; Bactericide PHZ46:156; Cancer-Preventive 525; Choleretic DUKE1992B; Cytotoxic JBH; Diaphoretic? LRN-DEC90; Fungicide NIG; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC11=5 mM JAF38:688; Prostaglandigenic RWG; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor DUKE1992B
PALMITIC-ACID  Fruit 150 - 1,224 ppm DUKE1992A; Seed DUKE1992A;  Antifibrinolytic EMP1:53; Flavor FEMA 1 ARC; Hemolytic BIS; Lubricant JBH; Nematicide NIG; Soap JBH
PALMITOLEIC-ACID  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Soap JBH
PANTOTHENIC-ACID  Fruit 1 - 5 ppm DUKE1992A;  Antiallergic 100-500 mg/day WER; Antiarthritic 500-2,000 mg day M29 WER; Anticephalagic JBH; Anticlaudificant? M29; Antidermatitic JAD; Antifatigue JBH; Antihypercholesterolemic 300 mg/meal WER; Antiielus? M29; Antiinsomniac? M29; Antirheumatitic? M29; Cancer-Preventive 525
PHENYLALANINE  Fruit 620 - 5,059 ppm DUKE1992A;  AntiADD 587 mg/day/orl M29; Antidepressant 50-4,000 mg/day/man M28 M29 WER; Antiparkinsonian 200-500 mg/day/man MAR; Antisickling PM56(1):41; Antivitiligic 100 mg/kg/day/orl/man M29; Monoamine-Precursor PAM; Tremorigenic 1,600-12,600 mg/man/day MAR
PHOSPHORUS  Fruit 455 - 3,794 ppm DUKE1992A;  Antiosteoporotic DAS; Immunostimulant DAS; Osteogenic DAS
POTASSIUM  Fruit 2,600 - 34,272 ppm DUKE1992A;  Antiarrhythmic DAS; Antidepressant DAS; Antifatigue DAS; Antihypertensive DAS; Cardiotoxic 18,000 mg/man/day DUKE1992B; Spasmolytic DAS
PULEGONE  Fruit DUKE1992A;  AChE-Inhibitor 453; Antialzheimeran? 453; Antihistaminic JPP42:295; Antipyretic JE25:165; Avifuge DUKE1992B; Bactericide PM57:347; Cancer-Preventive 525; Candidicide PB57:347; Cerebrotoxic orl man JAR4:24; Encephalopathic 80 mg/kg orl rat LRN-JAN92; Flavor FEMA 5-30 ARC; Fungicide PM57:347; Glutathionalytic LRN-JAN92; Hallucinogenic RJH; Hepatotoxic PM56(2):226; Herbicide IC50=1.5 uM TOX; Insecticide 453; Insectifuge DUKE1992B; Nephrotoxic RJH; Neurotoxic RJH; Perfumery ARC; Pulifuge DUKE1992B; Pulmonotoxic AEH; Sedative JE25:165
QUERCETIN  Fruit 63 ppm DUKE1992A;  5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC50 (uM)=4 DRS LEH; ATPase-Inhibitor NIG; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor CPB38:297; Allelochemic IC82=1 mM 438; Allergenic JBH; AntiCrohn's 400 mg/man/3x/day PAM; AntiPMS 500 mg/2x/day/wmn PAM; Antiaggregant IC50=55 uM EMP5:333; Antiallergic IC50=14 uM JIM127:546; Antianaphylactic PR4(5):201; Antiasthmatic IC50=14 uM JIM127:546; Anticarcinomic (Breast) IC50=1.5 uM MED; Anticataract PM56(3):254; Anticolitic 400 mg/man/3x/day PAM; Antidermatitic PAM; Antidiabetic PAM; Antiencephalitic EMP5:199; Antiestrogenic PAM; Antifeedant IC52=<1000 ppm diet 438; Antiflu V&D; Antigastric RR21:85; Antigonadotropic JBH; Antihepatotoxic PM56(2):171; Antiherpetic PAM; Antihistaminic 411 WER; Antihydrophobic V&D; Antihypertensive KCH; Antiinflammatory (20 mg/kg) 150 mg/kg FT5:1990; Antileukemic IC50=10 uM EMP5:225; Antileukemic IC50=>10 ug/ml LS55:1061; Antileukotrienic PAM; Antilipoperoxidant IC67=50 PM56(2):171 PC27:972; Antimalarial IC50=1-6.4 ug/ml MPT; Antimutagenic ID50=2-5 nM PCF; Antimyocarditic EMP5:199; Antioxidant IC96=300 ppm PCF; Antiperiodontal PAM; Antipermeability DUKE1992B; Antiperoxidant PM57:A110; Antipharyngitic PAM; Antiplaque PAM; Antipodriac PAM; Antipolio PAM; Antiprostanoid PCF:48; Antipsoriac PAM; Antiradicular IC50=4.6uM PM56(6):695; Antispasmodic 411; Antithiamin PCF:54; Antitumor HG22:9; Antitumor-Promoter PAM; Antiviral IC50=10 uM EMP5:225; Bactericide JBH; Bradycardiac KCH; Calmodulin-Antagonist PAM; Cancer-Preventive 525; Capillariprotective M11; Carcinogenic 40,000 ppm (diet) mus NIG; Catabolic AFR27:149; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor IC50 (uM) =16 DRS LEH PCF:49; Cytotoxic ED50=70ug/ml PM56(6):677; Cytotoxic IC82=100 ug/ml PM57:A113; Deiodinase-Inhibitor JNM1:10; Diaphoretic? LRN-DEC90; HIV-RT-Inhibitor IC50=<1 ug/ml JNP53(5):1239; Hemostat KCH; Hepatomagenic 5,000 ppm (diet) rat PCF; Hypoglycemic 100 mg/kg orl rats JE27:243; Insulinogenic PAM; Juvabional 438; Larvistat 8,000 ppm diet 438; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC11=1.25 mM JAF38:688; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC50 (uM)=3.5 DRS LEH; Mast-Cell-Stabilizer DUKE1992B; Mutagenic HG22:18; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor PCF:14; Protein-Kinase-C-Inhibitor PCF:14; Spasmolytic PR4(5):201; Teratologic DUKE1992B; Tumorigenic 0.1% diet orl rat/yr 505; Tyrosine-Kinase-Inhibitor EMP6:170; Vasodilator KCH; Viricide JNP55:1732; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC50=>0.4 ug/ml CPB38:1772; cAMP-Phosphodiesterase-Inhibitor PAM
RIBOFLAVIN  Fruit 1 - 8 ppm DUKE1992A;  Antiarabiflavinotic 2-10 mg/orlday MAR; Anticarpal-Tunnel 50 mg/day WER; Anticataract 15 mg/day WER; Anticheilotic DUKE1992B; Antidecubitic DUKE1992B; Antiglossitic DAS; Antikeratitic DUKE1992B; Antimigraine DUKE1992B; Antipellagric DUKE1992B; Antiphotophobic DAS; Cancer-Preventive 525
SCOPOLETIN  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Allelochemic IC89=2 mM 438; Analgesic PM56(6):595; Antiasthmatic DUKE1992B; Antiedemic DUKE1992B; Antifeedant 382; Antiinflammatory ED=1-10ug/ear PM56(6):504; Antileukotrienogenic PM56(6):595; Antiseptic FT1990:483; Antitumor 2.9 ug/ml DUKE1992B; CNS-Stimulant WBB; Cancer-Preventive 525; Hypoglycemic DUKE1992B; Hypotensive FT#3:141.1986; Myorelaxant WOI; Phytoalexin PC29(6):1789; Spasmolytic DUKE1992B; Uterosedative 411
SERINE  Fruit 800 - 6,528 ppm DUKE1992A;  Cancer-Preventive 525
SILICON  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Antiarteriosclerotic DAS
SODIUM  Fruit 50 - 734 ppm DUKE1992A;  Hypertensive DAS
SOLANIDINE  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Antifeedant 1uM 382
SOLANINE  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Antiasthmatic DUKE1992B; Antibronchitic DUKE1992B; Antiepileptic DUKE1992B; Antiparkinsonian JE26:85; Cardiodepressant DUKE1992B; Cardiotonic UNE; Hemolytic UNE; Memranolytic PC29(5):1513; Myostimulant UNE; Narcotic DUKE1992B; Sedative JE26:85; Teratogenic JNP39:446.1976
SOLASODINE  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Antiandrogenic 20 mg/kg JE28:249; Antiinflammatory DUKE1992B; Antispermatogenic DUKE1992B; Antitumor DUKE1992B; Contraceptive PMP24:118; Cytotoxic ED50=3.75 ug/ml DUKE1992B; Fungicide PC29(5):1513; Hepatoprotective JNP53(2):513; JNP53(3):513 DUKE1992B; Teratogenic PC29(5):1513
STEARIC-ACID  Fruit 30 - 245 ppm DUKE1992A; Seed DUKE1992A;  Cosmetic JBH; Flavor FEMA 2-4,000 ARC; Lubricant JBH; Perfumery ARC; Suppository JBH
STIGMASTEROL  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Antihepatotoxic DUKE1992B; Antiinflammatory LRN1995; Antiophidic 2.3 mg/mus EMP5:363; Antiviral PS75:161; Artemicide LC50=110ppm PC29(5):1667; Cancer-Preventive 525; Estrogenic MPI; Hypocholesterolemic NIG; Ovulant DUKE1992B; Sedative PM52:499; Viricide PS75:161
TERPINEN-4-OL  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Antiallergic DUKE1992B; Antiasthmatic CJT4:203.1982; Antiseptic FFJ9:129; Antitussive CJT; Bactericide JEO7:271; Bacteriostatic CJT; Diuretic 0.1 ml/rat AEH; Fungicide DUKE1992B; Herbicide IC50=200 mM 438; Herbicide IC50=22 uM TOX; Insectifuge DUKE1992B; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183; Spermicide ED100=0.015 AHN188:83; Vulnerary LRN-JAN91
THIAMIN  Fruit 0 - 8 ppm DUKE1992A;  Analgesic 1-4 g/day WER; Antialcoholic DUKE1992B; Antialzheimeran 100-3,000 mg day WER; Antianorectic JBH; Antiback-ache 1-4 g day WER; Antiberiberi DUKE1992B; Anticardiospasmic DUKE1992B; Anticolitic DUKE1992B; Antidecubitic DUKE1992B; Antideliriant DUKE1992B; Antiencephalopathic M29; Antifatigue JBH; Antigastritic JBH; Antiheartburn DUKE1992B; Antiherpetic DUKE1992B; Antimigraine DUKE1992B; Antimyocarditic DUKE1992B; Antineuralgic 1-4 g day WER; Antineurasthenic DUKE1992B; Antineuritic DUKE1992B; Antineuropathic 50 mg WER; Antipoliomyelitic DUKE1992B; Insectifuge 75-150 mg/man/day MAR
THREONINE  Fruit 740 - 6,038 ppm DUKE1992A;  Antioxidant? PC27:969; Antiulcer M29; Essential JBH; Flavor FEMA 1,000 ARC
THUJONE  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Anthelminthic JBH; Bactericide JEO7:271; Cerebrodepressant DUKE1992B; Convulsant 40 mg/kg RJH; Counterirritant JBH; Epileptigenic DUKE1992B; Hallucinogenic DUKE1992B; Herbicide IC50=22 mM 438; Perfumery ARC; Respirainhibitor DUKE1992B; Spasmolytic ED50=0.127 mg/ml FT59:465; Toxic ARC
TOCOPHEROL  Fruit 24 ppm DUKE1992A;  Allergenic NAH19(9):4; AntiMD DUKE1992B; AntiMS DUKE1992B; AntiPMS PAM; Antiaggregant MAR; Antianginal 1,067 mg/man/day DUKE1992B; Antiarteriosclerotic DUKE1992B; Antiatherosclerotic PAM; Anticataract DUKE1992B; Antichorea DUKE1992B; Anticoronary DAS; Antidecubitic DAS; Antidiabetic DAS; Antidysmenorrheic DAS; Antifibrositic MAR; Antiherpetic MAR; Antiischaemic JE29:31; Antileukotrienic PAM; Antilupus DUKE1992B; Antimastalgic DAS; Antimyoclonic PAM; Antineuritic M29; Antiophthalmic DUKE1992B; Antiosteoarthritic DAS; Antioxidant IC50=30 ug/ml CPB38:1049; Antioxidant IC95=650uM PM56(6):678; Antiradicular PAM; Antiretinopathic? M29; Antisickling MAR; Antisterility DUKE1992B; Antistroke DAS; Antisunburn NAH18(9):4; Antithalassemic DAS; Antitoxemic DUKE1992B; Antiulcerogenic 67 mg/man/3 x/day/ orl PAM JE29:25; Cancer-Preventive 525; Circulostimulant DAS; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B; Hypocholesterolemic DAS; Immunostimulant NAH18(9):4; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor PAM; Spasmolytic 300 mg/man/day MAR
TOLUENE  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Encephalopathic M29
TRYPTOPHAN  Fruit 260 - 2,122 ppm DUKE1992A;  Analgesic 750mg/4 x day/orl/man/ M29; Antianxiety 500-1,000 mg/meal WER; Antidementic 3 g/day WER; Antidepressant 1-3 g/3x day/orl/man/ M29; Antidyskinetic 2-8 g/orl/wmn/day/ M29; Antihypertensive JAF36:1079; Antiinsomniac 1-3 g/day WER; Antimanic 12g/man/day/orl PAM; Antimenopausal 6 g/day WER; Antimigraine 500 mg/man/4 x day/ M29; Antioxidant? PC27:969; Antiparkinsonian 2 g 3 x day WER; Antiphenylketonutic M29; Antipsychotic 12 g/man/day M29; Antirheumatic M29; Carcinogenic CRC; Essential JBH; Hypnotic M29; Hypoglycemic EMP6:157; Hypotensive 3 g/day WER; Insulinase-Inhibitor EMP6:157; Insulinotonic JAF36:1079; Monoamine-Precursor PAM; Prolactinogenic PAM; Sedative 3-10 g/man/day M29 PAM; Serotonigenic 6-12 g/day/orl/man/ MAR; Tumor-Promoter JAF36:1079
TYROSINE  Fruit 420 - 3,427 ppm DUKE1992A;  Antidepressant? M29 WER; Antiencephalopathic M29; Antiparkinsonian 100 mg/kg day WER; Antiphenylketonuric M29; Antiulcer 256 mg scu, 400 mg/kg ipr rat BBE; Cancer-Preventive 525; Monoamine-Precursor PAM
VALERIC-ACID  Resin, Exudate, Sap DUKE1992A;  Antihysteric MAR; Antiinsomniac 1.2-2.4 DUKE1992B; Flavor FEMA 1-8 ARC; Hypotensive DUKE1992B; Myorelaxant JE26:65; Perfumery M11; Sedative DUKE1992B; Spasmolytic JE26:65; Tranquilizer DUKE1992B
VALINE  Fruit 840 - 6,854 ppm DUKE1992A;  Antiencephalopathic M29; Essential DUKE1992B; Flavor FEMA 1,000-2,000 ARC
XYLOSE  Fruit DUKE1992A;  Antidiabetic JBH M11; Diagnostic MAR; Dye M11
ZINC  Fruit 3 - 24 ppm DUKE1992A;  AntiCrohn's DAS; Antiacne 135 mg/day DAS WER; Antiacrodermatitic 8-34 mg/day/orl/chd M29; Antialopecic DAS; Antialzheimeran 50 mg day WER; Antianorectic M29; Antiarthritic? 50 mg/3x/day/orl/man M29; Anticanker 100 mg/day WER; Anticataract 30 mg/day WER; Anticoeliac MAR; Anticold 50 mg DAS; Anticolitic DAS; Antidandruff DAS; Antidote (Cadmium) LL-MAY89; Antieczemic 150 mg/day WER; Antiencephalopathic M29; Antiepileptic 100 mg/day WER; Antifuruncular 45 mg/3x/day/man MAR; Antiherpetic? 25 mg/day/ PAM; Antiimpotence M29; Antiinfective 50 mg/day WER; Antiinfertility 60 mg/day WER; Antiinsomniac DAS; Antilepric M29; Antiplaque M29; Antiprolactin PAM; Antiprostatitic 50 mg/man/day/orl PAM; Antirheumatic DAS; Antistomatitic 50 mg/man/3x/day MAR; Antitinnitic 60-120 mg/day WER; Antiulcer 50 mg/3x/day/man MAR; Antiulcer 88 mg/rat/day/15 days DUKE1992B; Antiviral? M29; Astringent MAR; Deodorant M29; Immunostimulant DAS; Immunosuppressant 300 mg/day/6 wks/orl/man M29; Mucogenic JPP42:657; Spermigenic 60 mg/day WER; Testosteronigenic 60 mg/day WER; Trichomonicide M29; Vulnerary MAR
---------------------------------------------------



References

382: Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.

411: Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.

438: Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.

450: Russell, G. B., Phytochemical resources for crop protection, N. Z. J. Technol., 2, 1986, 127-134.

453: Grundy, D. L. and Still, C. C., Inhibition of acetylcholinesterases by pulegone-1,2-epoxide, Oest. Biochem. & Physiol., 23, 1985, 383-8.

453: Grundy, D. L. and Still, C. C., Inhibition of acetylcholinesterases by pulegone-1,2-epoxide, Oest. Biochem. & Physiol., 23, 1985, 383-8.

505: Jim Duke's personal files.

525: Stitt, P. A., Why George Should Eat Broccoli, Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.

525: Stitt, P. A., Why George Should Eat Broccoli, Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.

525: Stitt, P. A., Why George Should Eat Broccoli, Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.

ABS: Abstract (See species file)

ACM:207: Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1