Black Walnut
Juglans nigra has been maligned unfairly in the equine community. Horror tales are told of crippling and subsequent death form its use as stall bedding. With the proper usage of this product, such accidents should not occur. Its properties are too strong for human ingestion and/or for application unless it has been aged for a period of 1 year. Through my own research, I have found what is the rule with human safety and efficacy is often the rule generally applied to the animal kingdom. I doubt seriously that black walnut shavings intended for stall bedding have been stored for the required time. Thus, the nightmare of founder occurs. Shavings of the tree are not the ingredient used in most herbal remedies. It is the hull that is sought for its properties. Irregardless, all things should be used in moderation. Too much water results in drowning. But rarely do you hear someone caution about never drinking it.
A handful of green hulls thrown into a pond or a lake has been known to kill the majority of the fish inhabitants. The reason for this is the high rate of parasites and/or bacteria found in the fish. Through field research and observation of fecal slides, this herb has been shown to reduce parasitic and bacterial action within the body. Aged Black Walnut hulls have long been used to rid animals of parasitic infection. Currently, medical research is delving into its usage in Lupus.
In 1657, William Cole, author of "Adam and Eve", wrote the outer husk or green covering resembed the skull or pericranum as hair grows on it. He also believed the walnut to be the perfect signature of the head. Therefore, the salt of the husk was good for head wounds. The inner woody shell has the skull's signature. The yellow skin covering the kernal resembled the hard Meninga & Pia Mater which are thin scarves covering the brain. Thus, following the Doctrine of Signature, it was thought to be good for the brain.
Historically, Black Walnut hulls have been used in formulas for arthritis, laxative & vermifuge. It has also been used for the following bodily malfunctions:
Abcesses (external)
Acne
Alternative
Anodyne
Anthelmintic
Antibiotic
Antiseptic
Antisyphilitic
Astringent
Autonomic Nervous System (to aid restoring nerve flow in electric shock, lightning)
Boils
Deterrent
Diarrhea
Dysentary
Eczema
Epistaxis (nose bleeding)
Hair Restorer
Hemorrhoids
Hemostatic
Internal Inflammations
Intestinal Problems ( to aid correction of relaxation or ballooning)
Laxative
Lymphatic swellings
Nasal catarrh
Nutrient
Parasitic (can even use extract to pour over lawn or vegetables to rid of insects)
Reproduction (aid a relaxed vulva or veneral disease in animals)
Ringworm
Scrofula
Shingles
Sore Throat or Hoarseness
Styptic
Sudorific (aid non-sweating ability)
Tonic
Tooth Enamel
Tumors (Cancerous)
Ulcers (internal)
Vermicide
Vulnerary
Warts
Wounds
For more uses of the husks, continue reading the findings of the Duke University research below under "Chemical Constituents" or go to http://www.ars-grin.gov
Chemical Constituent Comparative Scale
Very Low
Low
Average
High
Magnesium (44 mg)
Total Ash (2.9%)
Aluminum (23.1 mg)
Calories (363)
Vit A (s100 IU)
Calcium (309 mg)
Carbohydrates (82.1%)
Crude Fiber (16.2%
Vit C (0)
Manganese (2.36 gm)
Chromium (0.9 mg)
Fat (5.2%)
Zinc (trace)
Niacin (0.7 mg)
Cobalt (3.6 mg)
Iron (45.5mg)
Phosphorus (107 mg)
Silicon (2.22 mg)
Potassium (1490 mg)
Protein (9.8%)
Tin (1.2 mg)
Selenium (2.99 mg)
Riboflavin (0.1 mg)
Sodium (13 mg)
Thiamine (0.2 mg)
Chemical Constituents of Fruit, Husk, Plant or Seed: (note the constituents are divided accordingly)
ALUMINUM Hull Husk 231 ppm DUKE1992A; Seed 2.9 ppm DUKE1992A; Antisilicotic MPT; Antivaginitic MAR; Candidicide MAR; Encephalopathic M29
ARSENIC Seed 0.03 ppm DUKE1992A; Anorexic FHN
ASCORBIC-ACID Hull Husk DUKE1992A; Acidulant FEMA 6,000 ARC; Analgesic 5-10 g day WER; AntiCrohn's 50-100 mg/day/orl/man M29; Antiarthritic 1 g day WER; Antiasthmatic 1,000 mg/day WER; Antiatherosclerotic PAM; Anticataract 350 mg/day WER; Anticold 1-2 g/man/day MAR; Antidecubitic 500 mg/man/2x/day/ MAR; Antidepressant 2,000 mg/day WER; Antidote (Aluminum) EMP6:189; Antidote (Cadmium) DAS; Antidote (Lead) DAS; Antidote (Paraquat) MAR; Antieczemic 3.5-5 g/day WER; Antiedemic 1 g/man/day DAS; Antiencephalitic DAS; Antigingivitic PAM; Antiglaucomic 2 g/day WER; Antihemorrhagic 1 g/man/day DAS; Antihepatitic 2-6 g/man/day DAS; Antihepatoxic EMP6:189; Antiherpetic 1-5 g/day WER; Antihistamninic WER; Antiinfertility 1 g/day WER; Antiinflammatory PAM; Antilepric 1.5 g/man/day MAR; Antimeasles DAS; Antimigraine M29; Antimutagenic EMP6:235; Antinitrosic 1 g/man/day MAR; Antiobesity 1g 3 x day WER; Antiorchitic DAS; Antiosteoarthritic 1 g 2x day WER; Antiosteoporotic 500 mg day WER PAM; Antioxidant 100 ppm DUKE1992B; Antiparkinsonian 1g 2 x day WER; Antiparotitic DAS; Antiperiodontitic 1g 2 x day WER; Antipneumonic PAM; Antipodriac DAS; Antipoliomyelitic DAS; Antiscorbutic 10 mg/man/day MAR; Antiseptic MIC=3.3-217 mg/ml MAR; Antishingles DAS; Antiulcer WER; Antiviral 1-5 g/day WER; Asthma-preventive 1,000mg/day/orl PAM; Bactericide DAS; Cancer-Preventive 525; Cold-preventive 1-2 g/day DAS; Detoxicant DUKE1992B; Diuretic 700 mg/man/orl DUKE1992B; Febrifuge EMP6:189; Fistula-Preventive PAM; Hypocholesterolemic 300-1,000 mg/day DAS; Hypotensive 1,000 mg/man/day SNE137:292; Inteferonogenic PAM; Lithogenic DAS; Mucolytic 1 g/woman/day MAR; Uricosuric 4 g/man/day DAS; Urinary-Acidulant M29; Viricide DAS; Vulnerary PAM
BETA-CAROTENE Hull Husk 0.6 ppm DUKE1992A; Seed 1 - 2 ppm DUKE1992A; Allergenic M&R; Androgenic? PAM; AntiPMS JAF34:409; Antiacne PAM; Antiaging DUKE1992B; Antiasthmatic PAM; Anticarcinomic PAM; Anticoronary 50mg/man/2 days CMR3/4/91; Antihyperkeratotic DAS PAM; Antiichythyotic PAM; Antileukoplakic PAM; Antilupus 150 mg/man/day/2 mos MAR; Antimastitic PAM; Antimutagenic EMP6:235; Antioxidant PAM; Antiozenic DUKE1992B; Antiphotophobic 30-300 mg man/day M29; Antipityriasic PAM; Antiporphyric 30-300 mg/man/day MAR; Antipsoriac PAM; Antiradicular PAM; Antistress DAS; Antitumor HSC25:1495; Antiulcer 12 mg/3x/day/man/orl PAM; Antixerophthalmic DAS; Cancer-Preventive 22 ppm 505; Colorant JBH; Immunostimulant 180 mg/man/day/orl PAM; Mucogenic PAM; Phagocytotic PAM; Thymoprotective PAM; Ubiquiot JBH
BORON Seed 4.7 ppm DUKE1992A; Androgenic 3 mg/man/day DUKE1992B; Antiosteoarthritic WER; Antiosteoporotic 3 mg/man/day DUKE1992B; Estrogenic 3 mg/man/day DUKE1992B
CADMIUM Seed 0.03 ppm DUKE1992A; Hypertensive PAM; Lithogenic PAM; Nephrotoxic PAM
CALCIUM Hull Husk 3,090 ppm DUKE1992A; Seed 668 ppm DUKE1992A; AntiPMS 1 g day WER; Antiallergic 500 mg/day DAS WER; Antianxiety DAS; Antiatherosclerotic 500 mg/day WER; Antidepressant DAS; Antidote (Aluminum) DAS; Antidote (lead) DAS; Antihyperkinetic DAS; Antiinsomniac DAS; Antiosteoporotic 500 mg day WER; Antiperiodontitic 750 mg day WER; Antitic DAS; Hypocholesterolemic 500 mg day WER; Hypotensive 1 g/day WER
CHLORINE Seed 54 ppm DUKE1992A; Antiherpetic M29; Antiseptic M29; Bactericide M29; Candidicide M29; Fungicide M29; Viricide M29
CHROMIUM Hull Husk 9 ppm DUKE1992A; Seed 1 ppm DUKE1992A; Amphiglycemic? DAS; Antiatherosclerotic 20 ug/day WER DAS; Anticorneotic DAS; Antidiabetic DAS; Antidote (Lead) DAS; Antiglycosuric DAS; Antitriglyceride 20 ug/day WER; Hypocholestrolemic 20 ug/day WER; Insulinogenic DUKE1992B
COBALT Fruit 36 ppm DUKE1992A; Seed 0.3 ppm DUKE1992A; Cardiomyopathogenic DAS; Erythrocytogenic DAS
COPPER Seed 19 ppm DUKE1992A; Antiarthritic DAS; Antidiabetic 2-4 mg/day WER; Antiinflammatory WER; Antinociceptive WER; Contraceptive MAR; Hypocholesterolemic DAS; Schizophrenigenic DAS
ELLAGIC-ACID Fruit DUKE1992A; ACE-Inhibitor JNP51:357; Abortifacient 1.2 mg/kg ivn mus AFR27:149; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor IC50=0.2 uM CPB38:2733; AntiHIV IC90=200 ug/ml JNP54:152; Antianaphylactic AFR27:149; Anticataract CPB37:2531; Antiinflammatory AFR27:149; Antimutagenic PCF:19; Antioxidant >50 x tocopherol PCF:142; Antioxidant IC98=30 ppm PCF:17; Antiperoxidant IC50=29 uM PM57:A54; Antithyroid JNM1:10; Antitumor DUKE1992B; Antiviral EMP5:224; Astringent M29; Cancer-Preventive 3ppm 505; Cancer-Preventive ACM:359; Cytotoxic 4.6 ug/ml ACM:359; Deiodinase-Inhibitor JNM1:10; HIV-RT-Inhibitor EMP5:224; Hemostatic M11; Hepatoprotective IC55=30 ug/ml CPB38:2201; Juvabional 382; Sunscreen 0.5% NAP; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC50=3.1 uM CPB38:1225
FIBER Fruit 162,000 ppm DUKE1992A; Seed 17,000 - 18,000 ppm DUKE1992A; Antidiabetic DUKE1992B; Antiobesity DUKE1992B; Antitumor PAM; Antiulcer PAM; Cancer-Preventive 525; Cardioprotective DUKE1992B; Hypocholesterolemic DUKE1992B; Hypotensive 10g/man/day/orl PAM; Laxative DUKE1992B
GOLD Seed 0.001 ppm DUKE1992A; Antiarthritic DUKE1992B; Antiulcer MAR; Nephrotoxic DUKE1992B
IODINE Seed 0.1 ppm DUKE1992A; Acnegenic DAS; Antigoiter DAS; Antithyrotoxic DAS; Dermatitigenic DAS; Goitrogenic DAS; Thyrotropic DAS
IRON Fruit 455 ppm DUKE1992A; Seed 60 - 73 ppm DUKE1992A; Antiakathisic M29; Antianemic M29; Anticheilitic DAS; Antimenorrhagic 100 mg/day/wmn/orl PAM
JUGLONE Plant DUKE1992A; Allelochemic IC99=1.1 mM 438; Antidermatophytic MIC 25ug/mL PR4(1):12; Antifeedant 438; Antiparasitic 411; Antiseptic 411; Antitumor 411; Antiviral V&D; Bactericide DUKE1992B; Dye M11; Fungicide 500 ug/ml 438; Keratolytic DUKE1992B; MIC 25ug/mL PR4(1):12; Sedative M11; Sternutatory DUKE1992B
MAGNESIUM Fruit 440 ppm DUKE1992A; Seed 1,794 ppm DUKE1992A; AntiPMS 400-800 mg/day/wmn/orl PAM WER; Antiaggregant 400 mg/day PAM WER; Antianginal 400 mg/day WER; Antianorectic DAS; Antianxiety 400 mg/day WER; Antiarrhythmic 400 mg/day DAS WER; Antiarthritic DAS; Antiasthmatic PAM; Antiatherosclerotic 400 mg/day PAM WER; Anticonvulsant FAC; Antidepressant DAS; Antidiabetic 400 mg/day EMP6:162 WER; Antidysmenorrheic 100 mg 4 x day WER; Antiepileptic 450 mg/day WER DAS; Antihyperkinetic DAS; Antihypoglycemic DAS; Antiinflammatory 100 mg 4 x day WER; Antiinsomniac DAS; Antilithic PAM; Antimastalgic PAM; Antimigraine 200 mg/day WER; Antineurotic DAS; Antiosteoporotic 500-1,000 mg/day/wmn/orl PAM WER; Antispasmophilic 500 mg/day WER; CNS-depressant FAC; Ca-Antagonist RWG; Hypocholesterolemic 400 mg/day WER; Hypotensive 260-500 mg/day SN138:189 WER; Myorelaxant 100 mg 4 x day WER; Uterorelaxant 100 mg 4 x day WER; Vasodilator WER
MANGANESE Fruit 23 - 24 ppm DUKE1992A; Seed 30 ppm DUKE1992A; Antialcoholic FHN; Antianemic MAR; Antidiabetic 3-5 mg/day WER; Antidiabetic EMP6:162; Antidiscotic DAS; Antidyskinetic MAR; Antiepileptic 450 mg/day WER; Antiototic DAS MERCURY Seed 0.1 ppm DUKE1992A; Nephrotoxic PAM
MERCURY Seed 0.1 ppm DUKE1992A; Nephrotoxic PAM
MOLYBDENUM Seed 0.4 ppm DUKE1992A; Anticancer (Esophagus)? DAS
MYRICETIN Fruit DUKE1992A; Allelochemic IC82=1 mM 438; Antiallergenic RWG; Antifeedant IC52=<1000 ppm diet 438; Antigastric DUKE1992B; Antigonadotrophic JBH; Antihistaminic RWG; Antiinflammatory OMM; Antimutagenic ID50=2-5 nM PCF; Antioxidant IC99=200 ppm PCF; Bactericide MIC=100-500 ug/ml PM57:A43; Cancer-Preventive 525; Candidicide MIC=150 ug/ml PM57:A43; Diuretic OMM; Hypoglycemic EMP6:170; Larvistat IC50=2.6-3.5 mM/kg diet 438; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor JBH; Mutagenic NIG; Oxidase-Inhibitor JBH; Tyrosine-Kinase-Inhibitor EMP6:170
MYRICITRIN Fruit DUKE1992A; Antiinflammatory DUKE1992B; Antitumor-Promoter CPB38:774; Bactericide 411; Choleretic DUKE1992B; Diuretic DUKE1992B; Protisticide DUKE1992B; Spermicide 411
NIACIN Fruit DUKE1992A; Seed 7 ppm DUKE1992A; Allergenic WER; Anti-Meniere's JAD; Antiacrodynic DUKE1992B; Antiallergic 50 mg/2x/day WER; Antiamblyopic DUKE1992B; Antianginal DUKE1992B; Antichilblain JBH; Anticonvulsant 3 g/day WER; Antidermatitic DAS; Antidysphagic DUKE1992B; Antiepileptic 3 g/day WER; Antihistaminic 50 mg/2x/day WER; Antihyperactivity 1.5-6 g/day WER; Antiinsomnic 1 g/day WER; Antineuralgic DUKE1992B; Antiparkinsonian 100 mg day WER; Antipellagric DAS; Antiscotomic DUKE1992B; Antispasmodic 100 mg/2x day WER; Antivertigo DUKE1992B; Cancer-Preventive 525; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B; Hypoglycemic DUKE1992B; Hypolipidemic RWG; Sedative PAM; Serotonergic PAM; Vasodilator M29
NICKEL Seed 4.8 ppm DUKE1992A; Antiadrenalinic DAS; Anticirrhotic? DAS; Insulin-Sparing DAS
PHOSPHORUS Hull Husk 1,070 ppm DUKE1992A; Seed 5,700 - 5,882 ppm DUKE1992A; Antiosteoporotic DAS; Immunostimulant DAS; Osteogenic DAS
POTASSIUM Hull Husk 14,900 ppm DUKE1992A; Seed 4,600 - 5,154 ppm DUKE1992A; Antiarrhythmic DAS; Antidepressant DAS; Antifatigue DAS; Antihypertensive DAS; Cardiotoxic 18,000 mg/man/day DUKE1992B; Spasmolytic DAS
RIBOFLAVIN Fruit 1 ppm DUKE1992A; Seed 1 ppm DUKE1992A; Antiarabiflavinotic 2-10 mg/orlday MAR; Anticarpal-Tunnel 50 mg/day WER; Anticataract 15 mg/day WER; Anticheilotic DUKE1992B; Antidecubitic DUKE1992B; Antiglossitic DAS; Antikeratitic DUKE1992B; Antimigraine DUKE1992B; Antipellagric DUKE1992B; Antiphotophobic DAS; Cancer-Preventive 525
SAKURANETIN Fruit DUKE1992A; Antiseptic DUKE1992B; Bactericide DUKE1992B; Fungicide PMP24:117
SELENIUM Fruit DUKE1992A; Seed 0.02 ppm DUKE1992A; Analgesic 200 ug/day WER; Anorexic 52; Antiacne 200 ug/day WER; Antiaggregant PAM; Anticirrhotic DAS; Anticoronary 200 ug/day WER DAS; Antidandruff DAS; Antidote (Mercury) DAS; Antikeshan DAS; Antileukotrienic PAM; Antimyalgic 200 ug/day WER; Antiosteoarthritic HSC25:1486; Antioxidant DAS; Antiulcerogenic JE29:25; Cancer-Preventive DAS; Depressant 52; Fungicide DAS; Prostaglandin-Sparer JPP42:655
SILICON Fruit 22 ppm DUKE1992A; Seed 1,387 ppm DUKE1992A; Antiarteriosclerotic DAS
SODIUM Fruit 130 ppm DUKE1992A; Seed 3 - 31 ppm DUKE1992A; Hypertensive DAS
SULFUR Seed 2,652 ppm DUKE1992A; Acarifuge DUKE1992B; Antiacne M29; Antidandruff M29; Antigrey M29; Antiseborrheic M29; Antiseptic M29; Comedogenic M29; Keratolytic M29; Laxative M29; Parasiticide M29; Scabicide M29
TANNIN Fruit 147,000 ppm DUKE1992A; Antidiarrheic DUKE1992B; Antidysenteric DUKE1992B; Antimutagenic DUKE1992B; Antinephritic CPB38:1049; Antiophidic EMP5:363; Antioxidant IC50=1.44 ug/ml CPB38:1049; Antiradicular 500 mg/kg/day orl mus CPB38:1049; Antirenitic CPB38:1049; Antiviral JE26:65; Bactericide JE26:65; Cancer-Preventive HG22:14; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B; Immunosuppressant RWG; Psychotropic CPB38:1049; Viricide JE26:65
THIAMIN Fruit 2 ppm DUKE1992A; Seed 2 ppm DUKE1992A; Analgesic 1-4 g/day WER; Antialcoholic DUKE1992B; Antialzheimeran 100-3,000 mg day WER; Antianorectic JBH; Antiback-ache 1-4 g day WER; Antiberiberi DUKE1992B; Anticardiospasmic DUKE1992B; Anticolitic DUKE1992B; Antidecubitic DUKE1992B; Antideliriant DUKE1992B; Antiencephalopathic M29; Antifatigue JBH; Antigastritic JBH; Antiheartburn DUKE1992B; Antiherpetic DUKE1992B; Antimigraine DUKE1992B; Antimyocarditic DUKE1992B; Antineuralgic 1-4 g day WER; Antineurasthenic DUKE1992B; Antineuritic DUKE1992B; Antineuropathic 50 mg WER; Antipoliomyelitic DUKE1992B; Insectifuge 75-150 mg/man/day MAR
TIN Fruit 12 ppm DUKE1992A; Seed 1.7 ppm DUKE1992A; Antiacne DUKE1992B; Bactericide DUKE1992B; Taenicide MAR
URANIUM Seed 0.04 ppm DUKE1992A; Nephrotoxic PAM VANADIUM Seed 0.03 ppm DUKE1992A; ATPase-Inhibitor PAM; Antiatherosclerotic DAS; Antiinfertility DAS; Antimanic DAS; Cancer-Preventive? DAS; Cardioprotective? DAS; Hypocholesterolemic DAS
ZINC Hull Husk DUKE1992A; AntiCrohn's DAS; Antiacne 135 mg/day DAS WER; Antiacrodermatitic 8-34 mg/day/orl/chd M29; Antialopecic DAS; Antialzheimeran 50 mg day WER; Antianorectic M29; Antiarthritic? 50 mg/3x/day/orl/man M29; Anticanker 100 mg/day WER; Anticataract 30 mg/day WER; Anticoeliac MAR; Anticold 50 mg DAS; Anticolitic DAS; Antidandruff DAS; Antidote (Cadmium) LL-MAY89; Antieczemic 150 mg/day WER; Antiencephalopathic M29; Antiepileptic 100 mg/day WER; Antifuruncular 45 mg/3x/day/man MAR; Antiherpetic? 25 mg/day/ PAM; Antiimpotence M29; Antiinfective 50 mg/day WER; Antiinfertility 60 mg/day WER; Antiinsomniac DAS; Antilepric M29; Antiplaque M29; Antiprolactin PAM; Antiprostatitic 50 mg/man/day/orl PAM; Antirheumatic DAS; Antistomatitic 50 mg/man/3x/day MAR; Antitinnitic 60-120 mg/day WER; Antiulcer 50 mg/3x/day/man MAR; Antiulcer 88 mg/rat/day/15 days DUKE1992B; Antiviral? M29; Astringent MAR; Deodorant M29; Immunostimulant DAS; Immunosuppressant 300 mg/day/6 wks/orl/man M29; Mucogenic JPP42:657; Spermigenic 60 mg/day WER; Testosteronigenic 60 mg/day WER; Trichomonicide M29; Vulnerary MAR ---------------------------------------------------
References
382: Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990. 411: Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989. 438: Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp. 505: Jim Duke's personal files. 52: Cooper-Driver, G. A., Chemical substances in plants toxic to animals, pp. 213-47 in Rechcigl, M., Jr., ed. CRC Handbook of Naturally Occurring Food Toxicants, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1983, 339 pp. 525: Stitt, P. A., Why George Should Eat Broccoli, Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp. ACM:359: Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific Publishing Co., Philadelphia Pa., page 359. AFR27:149: Singleton, V.L. 1981. Naturally Occurring Food Toxicants: Phenolic Substances of Plant Origin Common in Foods. Advances in Food Research 27: 149-217. ARC: Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry Note: Most ARC numerical data were in mg/dl. I know of no other plant where zinc is more prevalent than other minerals and protein. These data should be viewed as suspect. CMR3/4/91: Chemical Marketing Reporter; a weekly tabloid, 3/4/91, p.16. CPB37:2531: Shimizu, M., Horie, S., Terashima, S., Ueno, H., et al. 1989. Studies on Aldose Reductase Inhibitors from Natural Products.II. Active Components of a Paraguayan Crude Drug "Para-parai mi," Phyllanthus niruri. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 37(9): 2531-2532, 1989. CPB38:1049: Uchida, U., Ohta, H., Niwa, M., Mori, A., Nonaka, G-i., Nishioka, I., and Zaki, M. 1989. Prolongation of Life Span of Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRSP) Ingesting Persimmon Tannin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(4): 1049-1052, 1990. CPB38:1225: Hatano, T., Yasuhara, T., Yoshihara, R., Agata, I., Noro, T., and Okuda, T. 1989. Effects of Interaction of Tannins with Co-existing Substances.VII. Inhibitory Effects of Tannins Related Polyphenols on Xanthine Oxidase. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(5): 1224-1229 CPB38:2201: Mayumi Ito (nee Someya), et al. 1990. Hepatoprotective Compounds from Canarium album and Euphorbia nematocypha. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(8): 2201-2203, 1990. CPB38:2733: Terashima, S., Shimizu, M., Nakayama, H., Ishikura, M., et al. 1990. Studies on Aldose Reductase Inhibitors from Medicinal Plant of "Sinfito," Potentilla candicans, and Further Synthesis of Their Related Compounds. Chem. Pharm. Bull 38(10):2733-2736, 1990 CPB38:774: Yasukawa, K., Takido, M., Takeuchi, M., Sato, Y., Nitta, K., and Nakagawa, S. 1989. Inhibitory Effects of Flavonol Glycosides on 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-Induced Tumor Promotion. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(3): 774-776, 1990. DAS: Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp. DUKE1992A: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press. DUKE1992B: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their activities. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press. EMP5:224: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 224. EMP5:363: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 363. EMP6:162: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 162. EMP6:170: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 170. EMP6:189: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189. EMP6:235: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235. FAC: Factos on File. FHN: Forest H. Nielsen, USDA, Grand Forks, various publications. HG22:14: HerbalGram No. 22 - Spring 1990, page 14. HSC25:1486: Levander, O.A. Fruit and Vegetable Contributions to Dietary Mineral Intake in Human Health and Disease. HortScience, 25(12): 1486, 1990. HSC25:1495: Simon, P.W. Carrots and Other Horticultural Crops as a Source of Provitamin A Carotenes. HortScience, 25(12): 1495, 1990. JAD: Duke, J. A. Writeups or information summaries on approximately 2,000 economic plants, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705. JAF34:409: Bushway, R.J. 1986. Determination of alpha- and beta-carotene in some raw fruits and vegetables by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Agric. Food Chem. 34:409.
References: 4, 5, 6, 7